the Romans explore deeper into Africa

 Mediterranean Sea in Europe North Africa

and West Asia military campaigns were

sent across Europe and North Africa an

order for Rome to expand more and more

their southern border was in North

Africa at the beginning of the Sahara

Desert this arid mostly uninhabitable

place assured a natural border and

defense between other civilizations but

also it stopped the Roman expansion

little is known about Roman expeditions

that existed beyond this point however

the Romans had a few attempts on

exploring deeper into the African

continent sub-saharan Africa was

explored by Roman expeditions between 19

BC and 19 AD most likely in an effort to

locate the sources of valuable trade

goods and establish routes to bring them

to the seaports on the coast of North

Africa thereby minimizing disruption in

trade caused by conflicts among

indigenous tribes and kingdoms most of

these expeditions began as military

campaigns while the last one may have

been initiated in the interests of trade

relations but the purpose of all of them

seems to have been in the interests of

expanding Roman presence in Africa and

locating the source of the most valuable

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your prizes rome had established trade

relationships with a number of kingdoms

in Africa whose merchants brought goods

for trade from the interior to the three

great Roman centres on the North African

coast Leptis Magna away ax and Sabratha

but the desire for even more goods and

direct access to them prompted Roman

excursions to the sub-saharan regions

the five expeditions were in 19 BC and

in 41 50 70 and 90 AD the cultural

impact of the Roman expeditions on the

sub-saharan cultures in fact is still

debated among scholars trade among the

different kingdoms and tribes of Africa

was already well established by the time

the Phoenicians founded Carthage 332 BCE

the Overland trade routes connections

and seaports had been used by African

merchants for centuries and once the

Carthaginians gained a foothold in North

Africa contributed to the wealth

prestige and power of their central city

and others in the region trade centres

were already established on the north

african coast by the semi-nomadic or

nomadic Berber tribes of the region who

traded with each other and may have

exported goods elsewhere after 30 BC

following the death of Cleopatra the

seventh Rome took Egypt and added it to

its North African holdings it was a very

important grain supply to Rome the

Empire was supplemented through the

trade at the cities of Reggio and

Tripolitania Rome had established trade

relations with the other kingdoms as

well from West Africa other traders also

brought their items towards Tripolitania

but these trade routes were often

disrupted by conflicts between kingdoms

or different tribes it has been

suggested that one of the tribes

involved in this region's trade

the garamantes though this claim has

been challenged it is not known if the

GAR amantes were directly involved in

trade coming from West Africa however

it's possible that they interrupted

trade through raids on caravans which

sparked a response from Rome leading to

the first of Roman expeditions Lucius

Cornelius Baba's 1st century BC was

proconsul of Africa in 19 BCE when he

was ordered by Augustus Caesar to put

down the garamantes who were in some way

interfering with Roman interests in the

phezzan region of Libya Babis led 10,000

Legionnaires from Sabratha against the

berber tribe and conquered them

afterward and perhaps on his own

initiative or on orders he sent a number

of his men onward to explore the land of

Lyons which lay on the other side of the

Hegar mountains in the central Sahara

region palaces men returned with the

report of a large body of water now

thought to be the Niger River and Roman

coins and other artifacts have been

found in the region supporting the claim

that Bal bise's men crossed the

mountains and explored the region this

evidence is debated another expedition

was led by Paulinus in the course of

this campaign in 41 seee Paulinus led

his men over the Atlas Mountains in

southern Mauritania he reached the

summit of the mountains after a 10-day

March and according to Pliny then

traveled a significant distance down

through the plains to explore along a

river referred to as gur and then the

area around the Darras River modern

Senegal River evidence for Roman

presence in this region comes from

artifacts and coins discovered there

many in and around the city of Acts used

in 50 ad one Septimus flaccus led an

expedition from Leptis magna against a

rebellious tribe which was disrupting

trade in the region controlled by the so

called garamantes

who flaccus was is equally unclear as he

is not identified with any Legion and no

earlier mention is made of him some

scholars have suggested that the

geographer ptolemy who wrote the account

of flack is's expedition based on an

earlier source got his name wrong

probably this was the case or he may

have omitted information

he felt was unnecessary flaccus must

have had some military background

however in order to command a force that

led them successfully against whatever

group of people was causing the problem

in the southern regions usually military

commanders were sent in military

expeditions this possible general

marched into garamantes territory and

subdued them he then travelled on over

the table st mountains and into the land

known as agra simba which was north of a

great body of water known as the lake of

hippopotamus and rhinoceros this lake

has been identified as lake chad flock

is's expedition is the first one known

to have interacted with the populace of

this region at any length but no details

are available on what this contact

consisted of scholars agree that agra

symbol was to the north of lake chad but

as the lake was much larger at the time

precisely where it was how large the

region and who lived there is unknown it

is assumed it was controlled by the

garamantes however festus concluded

business with the garamantes they seemed

to have been on friendly terms with Rome

20 years later when one Julius materna

led an expedition into their territories

the problem with sources regarding this

expedition is that it is unclear who

mater nice was and what position

diplomat merchant or military commander

he held there is no mention of materna

spa for or after this expedition and

details of the excursion itself seemed

to support any of the three

possibilities he traveled in the company

of the garment ian king and so as a

diplomat could have been forging better

political relations as a merchant

forging better trade relations as a

general helping the king to put down

rebellious subjects which would have

benefited them both anyway whoever he

was and whatever position he held

materna sees success seems to have been

based on the reports of the expeditions

which went before him like flaccus he

crossed the table st mountains and

explored agra Simba and like Festus and

bobis explored the region around the

Niger River

however in expedition was also sent to

go find two sources of the Nile and went

beyond the sedan all these expeditions

were supported by Legionnaires and had

mainly a commercial purpose only the one

conducted by the Emperor Nero seemed to

be a prepper div for the conquest of

Ethiopia or Nubia in 62 AD

two Legionnaires explored the source of

the Nile one of the main objectives of

the exploration was to locate and obtain

gold using camels to transport it

overland back to Roman provinces in the

Mediterranean coast sea voyages between

Rome and North Africa

conversely could be completed in less

than a month and so were much more

lucrative and further safer for both

investors and crew although there is no

defining document explicitly stating why

the overland expeditions were launched

it is reasonable to conclude based on

the nature of the military campaigns and

the Roman independence on African Goods

why the Romans didn't expand deeper into

Africa is because of a multitude of

reasons but this is a topic for another

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