the spanish-american war

 the spanish-american war

colonial relevance in the americas and

the united states refrained from

becoming involved in the first

cuban movement for independence known as

the 10-year war which began in 1868 the

young nation

took a much different approach the

second time around

when cuban rebels came together once

again in 1895 to demand

freedom from spain's colonial rule the

united states

became exceedingly interested as well as

sympathetic

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and rule the world us journalism became

focused on the events happening with

their neighbors especially due to the

significantly harsh reaction from spain

some newspapers utilized yellow

journalism to push the country in the

direction of joining the conflict and

the urge was further fortified

by the sudden and unexplained sinking of

the uss

maine in the havana harbor the united

states battleship which cost

upwards of two million dollars fell

victim to an unanticipated explosion on

february

15 1898 which killed 260 of the american

crew members aboard the ship had been

sent to havana to aid american citizens

who had gotten stuck

in the new rebellion while the official

u.s naval court of inquiry simply blamed

a mine for the blast not pointing any

fingers directly at spain

the american people seemed convinced

that the culprit was

obvious and even congress called for a

declaration of war on spain

on april 25th 1898 they got

their wish initially u.s president

grover cleveland declared neutrality at

the start of cuba's revolution but

anti-spain's sentiment grew as general

valeriano whaler enacted a new

spanish reconcentration policy forcing

thousands of cubans into areas guarded

by spanish troops that lacked

basic levels of sanitation food and

shelter with the punishment for refusing

being swift execution general whaler who

was serving as governor general of cuba

also implemented martial law across the

entire country

likely due to the already prevalent use

of yellow journalism and american

sympathy for the cubans

the actions of general whaler compelled

president cleveland to alter his stance

and announced that the united states

might intercede depending on how spain

continued to handle the cuban contention

as william mckinley replaced grover

cleveland in 1897

the u.s became more and more keen to

intervene

when a letter from the spanish foreign

minister enrique dupuy de los may

criticizing president mckinley was

published by the new york journal on

february 9

1898 things began to rapidly escalate

and with the sinking of the uss maine

occurring less than a week later

there was a swift move towards war

happening

from that point on along with their

declaration of war against spain the

united states

also came up with the teller amendment

insisting that they had no intention of

trying to seize power or authority

over cuba the actual warfare between the

u.s and spain began at the battle of

manila bay in the philippines where a

huge chunk of the spanish-specific naval

fleet was located

united states commodore george dewey

received orders to head towards the

philippines before

the april 25th declaration of war even

occurred

putting him and the u.s aseanic squadron

in the perfect position to strike

after they had arrived at manila bay on

may 1st

in the early hours of the morning

commodore dewey told one of his captains

you may fire when ready after a couple

of hours

the spanish fleet was all but demolished

so dewey called for a break

and ordered his crews a second breakfast

still

some spanish ships remained and refused

to surrender

so the conflict started up again in the

latter half of the morning

finally once the afternoon came around

the remaining spaniards

officially surrendered even though the

american fleet was able to effortlessly

desecrate the spanish opponent

dewey still lacked enough troops to

seize manila completely which was now in

the hands of filipino revolutionaries

until another 15 000 u.s soldiers

reached the bay at the end of july

and the men launched an attack on manila

on august 13th

commodore dewey and wesley merits the

leader of the u.s

land troops that came to the navy's aid

began what is often known as the mock

battle

of manila essentially the spaniards had

decided they would rather give up the

philippines to the americans

not the filipinos as a result while the

us

land soldiers held the revolutionaries

back from the battlefield

the rest of the american troops fought

an essentially fake skirmish with the

spanish forces providing an excuse for

the exchange of power between the

warring sides

teodoro angoncillo a historian who wrote

about the event stated the few

casualties on both sides in the phony

attack

were due to some actors bungling their

lines or possibly to the fact that very

few

officers were let in on the charade

nonetheless

the stunt was successful and spain was

able to hand over control of the

philippines which they had dominated for

over

300 years to the militarily superior

united states

as opposed to the local revolutionary

fighters and essentially passed off

responsibility for the strife in the

region to the americans

back in june after the first battle at

manila bay

the u.s had focused their efforts on the

spanish stronghold of guantanamo bay

in cuba conflict officially broke out on

june

6 and lasted until june 10th with the

results being less

innocuous for the americans this time at

the start of the battle

the us troops were heavily outnumbered

in terms of manpower with a mere

600 marines and 300 cuban militia

fighters

though they also possessed two auxiliary

cruisers

one gunboat one steamer one battleship

and

one light cruiser the spanish personnel

amounted to 5 000 infantrymen as well as

boasting

seven artillery pieces one shore battery

one block house

and one fort despite their disadvantage

the american naval troops entered the

bay on june 6

and successfully attacked a spanish

blockhouse with their light cruiser

any spanish vessels attempting to

intervene did so

in vain the following day the american

troops were able to cut off

all outside communication to and from

the spanish forces by cutting

every cable in guantanamo bay over the

next few days

the us and cuban troops were able to win

over control of the bay

through a series of minor clashes until

the overall hostility came to an end on

the 10th

meanwhile the spanish and american

troops clashed again

at san juan hill on july first u.s

general william shafter

commanded his forces to besiege the

village of el

caney along with san juan hill clashing

with some

500 spanish troops defending the village

as

roughly 8 000 american soldiers pushed

forward to san juan hill

the u.s casualties began to add up but

the troops pushed on

and eventually split into two flanks the

goal was to take

both san juan hill and cattle hill under

one flank

aiming for kettle hill fought the rough

riders which was

one of four volunteer regiments put

together

on the side of the americans the rough

riders alongside the 9th and 10th

cavalry regiments

led the charge up kettle hill as the u.s

eventually captured both targets

having no plan of stopping there the

americans

entered the city of santiago the next

day and

u.s naval forces destroyed the spanish

fleet

as admiral pascual cereva and his troops

from santiago

attempted to flee on july third two

weeks later

the spaniards surrendered the city and

subsequently

ended the war the formal conclusion to

the war came on december 10

1898 when a treaty was signed in paris

where spain gave up

all dominion in cuba guam and puerto

rico

authority over guam puerto rico and the

philippines was to be

transferred to the united states

although the u.s would owe

spain 20 million dollars for the latter

while this treaty ended the

spanish-american war

it sparks the philippine american war

that would come the following year

due to america's promise not to claim

hegemony over cuba though

the former spanish colony was finally

independent

for both sides of the war the events of

the struggle were notably significant

for spain they ended its overseas

colonial endeavors

and shifted its focus onto its own

domestic needs prompting a new phase of

growth and development

both culturally and economically for the

united states

the aftermath was quite different the

treaty of paris solidified

u.s overseas expansion and prompted the

united states to become a much more

important global power although some

anti-imperialists condemned the u.s

deeming the government to be

hypocritical for their disapproval of

european expansionist empires

whilst leaning in the direction of

becoming one of their own

even so the american people supported

the actions and belief of their

government

and were not dissuaded by the

consequences of such