History of the Ottomans (1500 - 1600)

 locked in an intense naval war with the

Venetians

that would last until 1503 tackling the

new century with a desire for further

consolidation the Ottomans under the

command of Admiral Kemal rice found

triumph by the end of this turkish

venetian war ultimately forcing the

Venetians to once again come to a peace

agreement with the Turks while this

victory served well for the continued

fortifying of Ottoman power and Europe

over in Anatolia the environment was

becoming increasingly unstable by the

year of 1511 supporters of the Safavid

dynasty began to rebel against the

growing dominance of the Ottoman Empire

though they were forced to back down

after the defeat of their leader chicawa

meanwhile bitter dissension over the

succession of the throne developed

between Bey's its sons Selim and Ahmed

as both candidates attempted to rally

support from different territories and

leaders the Sultan's advisors and

Janissary corpse began to show a

preference towards Selim concurrent with

phases increasing concern about the

possibility of Ahmed seeking aid from

Shah Ismail in Persia finally in 1512

Sultan Bayezid ii made his decision by

abdicating to salim who would later have

his brother put to death to avoid any

further conflict BAE's had passed away

only a month after his retirement

swiftly upon ascension to the throne

Sultan Selim the first eradicated any

potential threats to his position by

having his brothers and nephews executed

allowing himself to focus solely on any

external dangers one of these hazards

came in the form of the Shah Ismail and

his Kissel Bosch Turkmen adherents over

in Anatolia briskly putting an end to a

revolt brought by the Kazu Bosch Salim

then turned to Ismail himself

subsequently overpowering the Shahs

forces at the Battle of child Iran in

1514 while the Safavid troops consisted

of simple cavalry men Salim's army which

was upwards of 100,000 men was able to

rely on muskets and cannons by the end

of the clash the ottomans moved on to

seize Tabriz which had been the Safavid

capital

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then continued toward the menlik dynasty

of Egypt emerging victorious from both

the battle of marj defeat in 1516 and

the battle of Radha Nia in 1517 against

the Mamluk forces the Ottomans in doing

so were able to bring Egypt Hodges and

all of the Levant into their empire

thus by Salim the first death in 1520

not only had the cultural and

geographical nucleus of the Empire

shifted but it is believed that his

reign brought forth an expansion of

roughly 70% following the passing of his

father

Salim's only son Solomon the first

became the next and later widely revered

Sultan of the Ottoman Empire known in

the West as the magnificent and by the

Ottomans themselves as the lawgiver

Suleyman birth the time of immense

military legal and cultural change

within the empire while the chief sharia

law or sacred law was not something that

could be changed by the Sultan Suleyman

was able to do some notable

restructuring of the Canon or system of

criminal land tenure and Taxation

legislation this new final revision

became known as the Ottoman laws and

would remain intact for the next three

centuries to come Suleyman also made

adjustments to laws that affected

varying religions within the empire

taking a similar approach of tolerance

to the one of the late baeza ii

including but not limited to the formal

condemning of blood libels issued

against the jewish population

simultaneously as these legislative and

cultural shifts transpired within the

empire outside of the sovereign borders

build-out continued almost immediately

taking aim at the christian powers in

both Europe and the Mediterranean

Suleyman the first led his forces to a

victory at Belgrad in 1521 followed by

the long-awaited seizure of roads in

1522

four years later engaged with the

hungarian troops the ottomans not only

vanquished their opponent but also

executed king louis ii of hungary

himself when Suleyman came across the

slain body of the hungarian monarch he

remarked may Allah be merciful to him

and punish those who misled his

inexperience

I came indeed in arms against him but it

was not my wish that he should be thus

cut off before he scarcely tasted the

sweets of life and royalty this

unexpected void in Hungary's authority

sparked a new conflict for the throne

between the Habsburg Archduke of Austria

and the Transylvania voivode

amidst prevalent opposition to the

prospect of Habsburg control the Ottoman

Sultan chose to accept annachi as the

new vassal king of Hungary as an added

venture to undermine any subsequent

Habsburg meddling Suleyman led another

campaign in 1529 this time aimed at

Vienna unfortunately for the Turks an

outbreak of troubles plagued their

offensive and forced the Sultan to call

off the futile advances largely

undeterred by 1532 the ottomans tried

yet again to assail vienna but made very

minimal progress after being stopped by

the defending forces at the siege of

guns thus giving suliman's belief that

Vienna was not a prize to be won so

easily a peace agreement was finally

reached in Constantinople between

Archduke Ferdinand the first of Austria

and the Ottoman Sultan the following

year the terms of the truce were decided

upon by both sides however it did not

take long for the integrity of the

agreement to deteriorate when in OSH

passed away in 1540 any remaining peace

between the Ottomans and Austrians

seemed to shatter altogether throughout

a series of campaigns and annexations in

1541 through 1543 hungary was eventually

split into three individual Hungary's on

one side sat the Habsburg Hungary which

was adjacent to the ottoman vassal state

of Transylvania and neighboring the

indefinitely garrisoned Ottoman Hungary

the succeeding 19 years marked a

vigorous on-and-off war within the

region

forcing a long bout of peace

negotiations in 1562 all the while as

the discord between the Christian and

Muslim sides played out in one continent

the Ottomans were also facing hostility

over in the Middle East back in 1534

Suleyman launched the first of the three

repetitive campaigns against the persian

opposition

the Ottomans would continue to push back

against the Shah and his forces

participating in a prolonged chess game

of territory exchange until the final

incursion ended with a peace treaty in

1544 securing various important gains

for the Ottoman side during this time

the ottoman naval might begin to

flourish under admiral Kerr Aldean

taking on european allied forces near

the coasts of greece with great success

the range of the turks naval influence

could be felt as far as the indian ocean

where they came in direct competition

with the portuguese ascendancy in

addition solomon's reign also expanded

the scope of the Ottoman impact to North

Africa and the Mughal Empire rounding

out a long and prosperous period of

development and consolidation though not

without the occasional shortcoming

Suleyman spent his final months at the

siege of CFR which resulted in a taxing

victory for the ottomans losing tens of

thousands of men in the process as well

as their Sultan with his brothers having

died or been executed previously the lim

ii became the new leader of the ottoman

empire in 1566 the first of many who

would fall into the same pattern Salim's

dominance and true Authority was often

undercut by the sway of Mehmed ciccolo

his Grand Vizier and the women of his

harem most notably his wife thoroughly

uninterested in a life saturated in

politics the new Sultan chose to leave

much of the governing duties in the

hands of the Grand Vizier nonetheless

Salim's reign was marked by the exchange

of war for peace in regions previously

contested by his father the first treaty

was signed in 1568 creating a new wave

of non-aggression with Austria mirroring

the last ceasefire between the Ottomans

and soffits while a rebellion in Yemen

crept up shortly after it was quickly

subdued the only main conflicts faced

during the period of Salim's rule played

out after the capture of venetian

territory of Cyprus in 1570 the same

year that a peace treaty with Russia

under the rule of ivan the terrible' was

reached in constantinople subsequently

due to the aforementioned antagonism in

Europe the Battle of Lepanto ensued in

1571 which gifted only temporary victory

to Venice until the following year by

1570 for the Ottomans had secured both

Cyprus and Tunisia before the passing of

sultan selim ii leaving the empire in

the hands of Murad the third in drastic

contrast with his father Murad ruled

over a period of both conflict and

decline of coherence within the Empire

seizing fed's from the Portuguese in

1578 and then broadening his authority

in the Persian region the Sultan

eventually launched a new surge of

combat with Austria that would last into

the following century during this time a

notable alliance

was formed between the Ottoman vassals

with the Austrians despite the clear

breach of terms with the Turkish 70 the

period of 1570 until 1590 also marked a

relaunch of hostilities with the Safavid

dynasty meanwhile the state of affairs

within the Ottoman borders fared no

better the constant conflicts demanded

higher taxes prompting inflation and a

rapid dwindling of the overall

permanence inside the Empire even

causing a slump in the reliability of

the Janissary troops as only the 2nd

Sultan following Salim the second to

never lead his troops into battle and to

have his power undermined by the women

of his harem murids most impressive

accomplishment may have been securing a

diplomatic relationship with Queen

Elizabeth the first of England arguing

that the Islamic and Protestant worlds

had more in common than either did to

Roman Catholicism the Sultan was able to

form a trade agreement with the English

monarch in 1581 granting priority to

England's merchants within Ottoman

territory these foreign relations

outlived the Sultan himself being passed

from the hands of Murad the third to

Mehmet the third as the final Sultan of

the 16th century Mehmed the third took

on the growing alliance between his

European vassals and Austrian enemy

initially facing a loss though quickly

bouncing back to defeat the Habsburg and

Transylvanian forces at the Battle of

Koresh Tesh

in 1596

the end of the 1500s brought only

slightly improved luck as a peace

agreement was reached between the

Ottoman Empire and one of the vassal

leaders beehive the brave who had found

prior success in fighting off the